This is the process linking the discharge of a neurotransmitter by one neuron and the binding of the neurotransmitter molecule to a receptor on another neuron. The process of chemical neurotransmission is affected by most drugs used in psychiatry. Older antipsychotics, but not the serotonin-dopamine antagonists, are believed to exert their effects mainly by blocking dopamine type 2 (D2) receptors; virtually all antidepressants are believed to exert their effects by increasing the amount of serotonin or norepinephrine, or both, in the synaptic cleft; and almost all benzodiazepine anxiolytics are believed to exert their effects on the GABAA receptors that are linked to chloride ion channels. (Sadock, 2007)
What is the psychopathologic role of Dopamine?
Observations that drugs that block dopamine receptors (e.g., haloperidol) have antipsychotic activity and drugs that stimulate dopamine activity (e.g., amphetamine) can induce psychotic symptoms in nonschizophrenic persons when given in sufficiently high doses. The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia grew from this premise. The dopamine hypothesis remains the leading neurochemical hypothesis for schizophrenia, but room is being made for a role for serotonin, based on the therapeutic success of the serotonin-dopamine antagonists. A recent series of studies showed that plasma concentrations of HVA, in fact, are reduced in many patients with schizophrenia who respond to antipsychotic drugs.
Moreover, Dopamine may also be involved in the pathophysiology of mood disorders. Dopamine activity may be low in depression and high in mania. Amphetamines, which potentiate dopamine activity, are highly effective antidepressants. The observation that levodopa (Larodopa) can cause mania and psychosis in some patients with parkinsonian side effects also supports the hypothesis. Some studies have found low levels of dopamine metabolites in depressed patients.
What is the psychopathologic role of Norepinephrine?
What the relative roles of serotonin and norepinephrine are in the pathophysiology of depression is still unclear. However, THE biogenic amine hypothesis of mood disorders was based on the observation that the some antidepressants are effective in alleviating the symptoms of depression. Drugs that affect both neurotransmitters are effective, and drugs that affect primarily norepinephrine—for example, desipramine (Norpramin)—and drugs that affect primarily serotonin—for example, fluoxetine—are also effective.
What is the psychopathologic role of Serotonin?
The chief involvement of serotonin with a psychopathological condition is with depression. This hypothesis is simply that depression is associated with too little serotonin and that mania is associated with too much serotonin. The permissive hypothesis postulates that low levels of serotonin permit abnormal levels of norepinephrine to cause depression or mania. With the success of SSRIs and buspirone, which are effective antianxiety agents, the theory of anxiety needed room for a role for serotonin. Similarly, schizophrenia was previously thought to result from an imbalance of dopamine, but since the therapeutic success of the serotonin-dopamine antagonists, schizophrenia is now thought to result from misregulation of both dopamine and serotonin function.
What is the psychopathologic role of Acetylcholine?
Acetylcholine is commonly linked to dementia of the Alzheimer's type and other dementias. Anticholinergic agents can impair learning and memory in healthy people. Acetylcholine may also be involved in mood and sleep disorders.
What is the psychopathologic role of GABA?
The GABAergic system is known to be linked with benzodiazepines and its potential role in the pathophysiology of anxiety disorders. Many of the standard anticonvulsants also have their effects on the GABA system; therefore, researchers in epilepsy also are actively studying the GABA system.
tagalang eto po ung sa previous lessons natin? XD
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